http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards This section contains information about computer networking protocols and standards. en-us Wed, 27 Apr 2022 13:21:35 GMT http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76080302.asp Unlike network protocols that route traffic based on source and destination address, MPLS routers establish a pre-determined path to route traffic in the MPLS network. These paths are routed based on labels attached to the frame. Wed, 27 Apr 2022 13:21:35 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76080401.asp Say you want to mount a wireless access point (AP) on the ceiling. Although no electrical outlet is available, a switch feature called Power over Ethernet (PoE) IEEE 802.3at standard offers as much as 32.4W of power over a UTP cable. Tue, 26 Apr 2022 07:58:36 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76080901.asp If all ports on a switch are operating at the same speed, the ports most likely to experience congestion are ports connecting to another switch or router. To help alleviate congested links between switches, you can logically combine multiple physical connections into a single logical connection. Thu, 21 Apr 2022 08:37:08 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76100703.asp RIP is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) that uses hop count as a metric. RIP comes in versions 1, 2, and RIPng (RIP next generation) an extension of RIPv2 for support of IPv6. Mon, 21 Feb 2022 09:34:00 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76100801.asp A Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a subgroup within a local network. VLANs make it easy for network administrators to separate a single switched network into subnetworks to match the functional and security requirements of their network without having to make major changes in the existing network infrastructure. Sun, 20 Feb 2022 14:03:00 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76101103.asp IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a routing protocol like RIP, however, it scales better than RIP because it uses a sophisticated metric based on bandwidth and delay, and has other advantages. Thu, 17 Feb 2022 08:12:46 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76101301.asp OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol is a protocol that handles routing for IP traffic. Because it is based on an open standard, OSPF is very popular in many corporate networks today and has many advantages. Tue, 15 Feb 2022 05:53:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76110402.asp If a network is running more than one routing protocol and a router receives two route advertisements from different routing protocols, which route advertisement does the router believe?. Thu, 27 Jan 2022 08:58:22 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/76111202.asp A routing protocol advertises route information between routers. Dynamic routing protocols are available that allow a router's routing table to be updated as network conditions change. Wed, 19 Jan 2022 08:09:31 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77011901.asp Global unicast addresses (GUAs) are globally routable and reachable in the IPv6 Internet; they are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses. GUA addresses are also known as aggregatable global unicast addresses. Thu, 11 Nov 2021 09:02:52 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77012201.asp An IPv6 anycast address can be assigned to more than one interface. In other words, multiple devices can have the same anycast address. A packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the nearest interface having that address, according to the routers routing table. Mon, 08 Nov 2021 04:21:02 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77012601.asp Ports are virtual software-based and are managed by a computer's operating system. Different types of data flow to and from a computer over the same network connection. The use of ports informs computers what to do with the data they receive. Each port is assigned a number, and each is associated with a specific process or service. Port numbers are standardized, most reserved for certain protocols, for example, all HTTP messages go to port 80. Thu, 04 Nov 2021 10:32:26 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77042701.asp An IPv6 multicast address defines a group of devices known as a multicast group. Unlike IPv4, there is no broadcast address in IPv6. Instead, IPv6 uses multicast. A packet sent to a multicast group always has a unicast source address. Wed, 04 Aug 2021 08:39:31 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77050101.asp The 3 categories of IPv6 addresses are:Unicast identifies a single interface. A packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by that address. Multicast identifies a group of interfaces. A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by that address. Anycast identifies a group of interfaces. A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to the closest member of a group. Sat, 26 Jun 2021 10:43:38 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77061302.asp In IPv4, the prefix (or network portion) of the address can be identified by a dotted-decimal netmask, commonly referred to as a subnet mask. IPv6 address prefixes can be represented much the same way that IPv4 address prefixes are written in CIDR notation. Thu, 17 Jun 2021 09:23:14 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77070301.asp IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal digits. At first glance, these addresses can look overwhelming. RFC 2373 and RFC 5952 provide two helpful rules for reducing the notation involved in the standard format. Fri, 28 May 2021 10:40:52 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77070601.asp When examining the details of the IPv4 and IPv6 headers, there are some important differences between the two protocols. This article summarizes some of the differences. Tue, 25 May 2021 13:04:47 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77072001.asp Unlike in IPv4, an IPv6 router does not fragment a packet unless it is the source of the packet. The fields used in the IPv4 header for fragmentation do not exist in the IPv6 header. Tue, 11 May 2021 13:42:05 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77072201.asp The IPv6 Payload Length field is a 16-bit field that indicates the length in bytes of just the payload following the main IPv6 header, it does not include the main IPv6 header. If the IPv6 packet has one or more extension headers, they are included in the number of bytes contained in the Payload Length field. Sun, 09 May 2021 09:16:05 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77072401.asp The IPv6 Flow Label field is used to help identify all the packets within the same flow to ensure that all the packets receive the same type of handling by the IPv6 routers. Fri, 07 May 2021 06:35:25 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77072501.asp As with IPv4, IPv6 addresses can be statically assigned. However, when it comes to dynamic addressing, IPv6 has a different approach. IPv6 uses the ICMPv6 Router Advertisement message to suggest to devices how to obtain their IPv6 addressing information. Thu, 06 May 2021 08:46:50 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/77072701.asp There are several misperceptions or myths regarding IPv6. IPv6 has been around quite some time, initially introduced in 1995 with RFC 1883 and later obsoleted with RFC 2460 in 1998. Over the years, as IPv6 evolved and as people discussed the merits of the new protocol, certain misconceptions ensued. Tue, 04 May 2021 13:41:42 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/80002701.asp Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 has been slow. If you can't immediately convert all your network hardware to IPv6, the dual-stack technique allows the easiest operation of IPv4 and IPv6 devices on the same network. Tue, 04 Dec 2018 10:02:47 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/80021501.asp Data stored in Active Directory is presented to the user in a hierarchical fashion. There are two types of objects: containers and non-containers. The most common type of container in Active Directory is an OU (Organizational Unit). Non-container objects are also known as leaf nodes. Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:44:32 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/80031101.asp A Network operating system (NOS0) is a networked environment in which resources, such as users, groups, and computers are stored in a central repository. Microsoft's first integrated NOS environment became available in 1990 with the release of Windows NT 3.0. Wed, 19 Sep 2018 07:41:40 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/80052901.asp Neighbor Discovery Protocol is part of the new version of the Internet Protocol (IPv6). Its function is to resolve IPv6 addresses into valid MAC addresses. All addresses discovered by NDR are stored in a buffer known as the neighbor cache. Mon, 02 Jul 2018 10:12:50 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/80061701.asp OpenStack is one of the most popular cloud computing management packages. OpenStack provides a common platform for controlling clouds of servers, storage, network, and even application resources. OpenStack is managed through a web-based interface, a command-line interface (CLI), and an application programming interface (API). Wed, 13 Jun 2018 08:07:34 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/80112501.asp DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology used to transmit digital data over telephone lines. DSL service can be transmitted simultaneously with voice band telephone service on the same line because DSL uses a much higher frequency that rides on top of the low 3400 Hz voiceband. Sat, 06 Jan 2018 10:03:45 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/80112802.asp A VLAN (Virtual LAN) allows a network administrator to partition a LAN to conform to the business functions of the organization without physically modifying the network. VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that allows an administrator to configure VLANs on a single VTP server, easing the administration of a network. Wed, 03 Jan 2018 13:32:58 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81090101.asp IEEE 802.11 Wireless Modulation Methods Thu, 30 Mar 2017 14:48:45 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81090201.asp The 802.11 standard, approved in 1997, applies to wireless LANs with a 1 or 2 Mbps transmission rate in the 2.4 GHz band. Sometimes the term 802.11 is used to refer to the 802.11x family of specifications. Wed, 29 Mar 2017 16:39:31 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81090802.asp When an IPv6 device first connects to a network, it can configure its own IPv6 address. It does this using a mechanism called MAC-to-EU164. Thu, 23 Mar 2017 19:16:33 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81091201.asp An IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits have three types, unicast, multicast, and anycast. Unicast addresses are for a one-to-one communication. Multicast addresses are for a one-to-many communication. Anycast addresses are for one node to nearest node of multiple nodes communication. Sun, 19 Mar 2017 15:59:34 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81091601.asp This article provides a simple description of the IPv6 header and datagram without a lot referring back to IPv4. Wed, 15 Mar 2017 17:13:12 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81091601.asp This article provides a simple description of the IPv6 header and datagram without a lot referring back to IPv4. Wed, 15 Mar 2017 17:13:12 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81100101.asp RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) is an application layer protocol that provides centralized Authorization, Authentication, and Accounting management for users who connect and use a network service. Mon, 27 Feb 2017 21:22:58 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81110101.asp FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a network. This article explains how to set up FTP on IIS and that FTP is not a secure protocol and some secure file transfer alternatives. Mon, 30 Jan 2017 19:34:43 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/81110201.asp A protocol is a set of rules that devices agree to. A port is specific electronic connection, or software interface a protocol uses. A standard is a specification that the characteristics of the protocol's signal and the design of the interface. Networking standards are developed by networking standards organizations. Sun, 29 Jan 2017 21:35:58 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82020701.asp Remote control protocols like Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Secure Shell (SSH), and Citrix Independent Computing Architecture (ICA), allow a system to access another system and transfer the user interface, keystrokes, and mouse movements between syatems as if you were actually sitting at the other syatem. Mon, 24 Oct 2016 15:31:51 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82021002.asp PPP was designed to provide a connection between two devices. PPP comes with options including encryption, authentication and data compression. PPPoA is the standard for connection over an ADSL network. PPPoE is the standard for connection over an Ethernet network. Fri, 21 Oct 2016 17:38:29 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82021402.asp The (IEEE) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is an organization that defines standards for networking. The 802 Standards Specify the Basics of physical and logical networking. Mon, 17 Oct 2016 21:01:43 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82030201.asp The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a 7 layer reference model for how applications can communicate over a network. Don't confuse The OSI model with TCP/IP Protocol which has 4 layers and is the actual architecture used for networking. Wed, 28 Sep 2016 17:24:55 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82030301.asp T-carrier was introduced in 1962 by AT&T Bell Laboratories. A T1 line has the capacity of transmitting 1.544 Mbps and it can also be used to send 24 digitized voice channels. Dispite its age, because of its reliability, T-carrier is the most commonly used digital transmission service in the US, Canada, and Japan. Tue, 27 Sep 2016 17:47:49 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82030701.asp Video surveillance systems currently are undergoing a transition where more and more traditional analog solutions are being replaced by digital solutions. Here, some of the network protocols used in video streaming are described. Fri, 23 Sep 2016 15:14:42 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82032401.asp Frame Relay originated as an extension of integrated services digital network (ISDN). Its designers aimed to enable a packet-switched network to transport over circuit-switched technology. The technology has become a stand-alone and cost-effective means of creating a WAN. Tue, 06 Sep 2016 16:57:57 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82041001.asp T-carrier is a time-division multiplexed (TDM) digital signal that has been used by the telephone companies for many decades. 24 8-bit signals are time-division multiplexed into a 1.544 Mbps t-carrier signal. Sun, 21 Aug 2016 17:23:55 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82042001.asp Systems can deliver packets only to other devices attached to the same physical network. A gateway is a network point, referred to as a router, that acts as an entrance to another network. Thu, 11 Aug 2016 14:47:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82042201.asp A datagram is the packet format defined by the Internet Protocol. A pictorial representation of an IP datagram shows the first five or six 32-bit words of the datagram are control information called the header. Tue, 09 Aug 2016 17:45:21 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82050101.asp The networking industry came up with the term 'Fabric' to describe networking technologies that allow switches to connect in a way to achieve a mesh topology. Sat, 30 Jul 2016 15:20:48 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82050401.asp Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) protocol is a computer networking technology intended to simplify the creation and configuration of networks, while enabling multipath routing. It is the replacement for the older spanning tree protocols. Wed, 27 Jul 2016 20:54:51 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82050502.asp Almost all networks use IPv4. The question is how to move them over to IPv6 while allowing them to keep the networks they currently have operating. There are three methods. Tue, 26 Jul 2016 15:35:21 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/82101201.asp Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is used by IPv6 hosts for Router Discovery, Neighbor Discovery and Duplicate Address Discovery. Wed, 17 Feb 2016 18:35:34 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/85092702.asp IPv4 is running out of addresses. IPv6 was designed to solve this problem therefore it is important to understand the format of an IPv6 address. Wed, 04 Mar 2015 18:41:55 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/85101001.asp The migration from Time-Division Multiplexing to the more flexible IP based SIP networks brought an unexpected security challenge. Session Border Controllers focused primarily on SIP and H.323 session security. Wed, 18 Feb 2015 15:55:46 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/85101201.asp The Internet has, to all intents and purposes, run out of public IP version 4 addresses. The solution to this issue is new IP version 6. This would require a parallel IPv6 based Internet to be running until all IPv4 connections have been converted. Mon, 16 Feb 2015 16:38:54 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/85101701.asp There are three types of VPNs that provide users with the functionality described above and these fall within the two categories: computer-to-network VPNs and network-to-network VPNs. Wed, 11 Feb 2015 16:00:18 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/86060501.asp Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast are different network transmission methods. Unicast is a transmission between a single sender and a single receiver, while Broadcast is a transmission from a single sender to all clients on the network. Wed, 25 Jun 2014 15:41:12 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/86060701.asp It would be inefficient to return an ACK message as each segment is received. The number of segments received before an ACK message is returned is called the TCP receive window size. Mon, 23 Jun 2014 16:46:52 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/86070901.asp TCP uses a SYN-ACK handshake to establish a connection. Three messages are required to establish a TCP connection between two hosts. Thu, 22 May 2014 13:40:26 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/86111401.asp Without standards, the Internet would be chaos. The primary organization that sets communications standards for the Internet is the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Fri, 17 Jan 2014 16:57:17 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87050901.asp In the beginning, classful addressing was a great idea for keeping IP addresses organized. But as the Internet grew, and IP addresses became scarce, classful addressing was found to be too limiting. Classless IP addressing, known as Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) was released in September 1993. Mon, 22 Jul 2013 19:30:43 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87071502.asp Normally you have to be assigned an IP address, or a group of IP addresses by a Regional Internet Registry. However, if you just need IP addresses for an internal network that will not be routed to the Internet, you can select from blocks of IP addresses reserved as Private IP addresses. Thu, 16 May 2013 19:53:27 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87071801.asp Originally, IP network numbers were defined with rigid boundaries and grouped into address classes. Even though address classes was created to facilitate efficient use of the IPv4 address space, because of its rigidity it has been abandoned for more flexible classless addressing. Mon, 13 May 2013 15:31:20 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87080002.asp The growth of wireless mobile devices is incredible. If you're an IT professional you'll need to understand wireless technology. This free ebook by Aaron Balchunas explains everything from radio frequency to wireless authentication protocols. Tue, 30 Apr 2013 16:42:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87080001.asp The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP/IP suite of protocols is the underlying technology for information exchange on the Internet. This essential reference shows you how to isolate and resolve common network failures and to sustain optimal network operation. Tue, 30 Apr 2013 14:33:36 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87080703.asp All the IPv4 addresses are quickly being used up. The conversion to IPv6 is now underway. In this free eBook, Aaron Balchunas describes IPv6 and how to configure it to work along side IPv4. Learn which protocols will need to be updated to work with IPv6. Learn how to configure IPv6. Tue, 23 Apr 2013 18:32:30 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87080801.asp In just 24 sessions of one hour or less, using this book's straightforward, step-by-step approach, you'll discover how to implement, monitor, and manage a TCP/IP network–even the latest cloud-based and IPv6 networks. Mon, 22 Apr 2013 17:37:00 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87081801.asp Internet Protocol is the part of the TCP/IP protocol that is responsible for addressing packets. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address IPv6 uses a 128-bit address. This article describes how IPv4 are converted to IPv6 addresses. Fri, 12 Apr 2013 17:37:35 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/87090502.asp The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed by DARPA in the early 1970s. The OSI networking model was developed in Europe in 1986. This article compares the two networking standards. Tue, 26 Mar 2013 15:34:36 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88090801.asp If you are pursuing CompTIA Network+ certification, of if you're involved in network troubleshooting, it's important to understand the construction of an IP datagram. Fri, 23 Mar 2012 19:22:07 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88092902.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about Layers 5 Through 7 of the OSI networking model. Fri, 02 Mar 2012 19:24:30 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88101304.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about the Transport Layer of the OSI networking model. Thu, 16 Feb 2012 22:46:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88110001.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about the Network Layer of the OSI networking model. Tue, 31 Jan 2012 18:50:40 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88110801.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about the Data Link Layer of the OSI networking model. Mon, 23 Jan 2012 17:14:11 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88111204.asp This video by Kevin Wallace introduces the OSI networking model. Thu, 19 Jan 2012 22:46:23 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88111801.asp When speaking of the data in a network, people often call everything a packet. A more proper generic term would be protocol data unit or PDU. The specific name for a PDU depends on at what layer the data unit is in the OSI model. Fri, 13 Jan 2012 22:13:54 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/89000902.asp The IEEE 802.11 family of standards which provides for Wireless Ethernet or (Wi-Fi) has evolved over the years. This article explains the differences between 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n and 802.11i. Thu, 22 Dec 2011 20:00:27 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90001101.asp This article discusses some essential technical concepts associated with a VPN. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) integrates remote employees, company offices, and business partners using the Internet and secures encrypted tunnels between locations. Mon, 20 Dec 2010 14:44:40 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90002202.asp This article discusses some of the most implemented Wide Area Networking (WAN) protocols in enterprise networking environments today including HDLC, DSL, SONET, DWDM, and DLSW+. HDLC is a Cisco proprietary protocol for designed for sending data across serial links. Thu, 9 Dec 2010 22:32:27 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90002302.asp Kerberos is an authentication protocol which allows computers communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another. Windows 2000 and later use Kerberos as their default authentication method. Wed, 8 Dec 2010 22:45:17 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90002402.asp The purpose of routing protocols is to learn of available routes on the network and make routing decisions. There are two primary routing protocol types; link state and distance vector. Some of the most common routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS and BGP. Tue, 7 Dec 2010 18:35:21 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90011101.asp This article describes the 80211a, 80211b, 80211g, 80211n, 80216, the current IEEE defined wireless protocol standards in use today, their bandwidth, maximum data rate, and coverage area. Fri, 19 Nov 2010 21:24:48 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90019101.asp The OSI model was developed years ago as a reference for network protocol and application designers to build their products with an open standard. That would promote a standard for developing network devices, interfaces, applications and services that would work together. It is a model rather than a specification since it defines layers and services for those layers and how each layer works with the layer above and below it. Thu, 11 Nov 2010 17:01:39 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/91112301.asp This is a chart of the layers of the TCP/IP Suite and the major protocols in each layer. As you move your mouse pointer over each protocol acronym, a brief description of the protocol appears. This is not a comprehensive list. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/93102101.asp The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is utilized by NTP Server systems to distribute accurate time information to network time clients. The NTP protocol is widely used throughout the Internet to provide synchronization of computers and processes. This article discusses how NTP server systems utilize the Network Time Protocol to provide networks with an accurate reference of time. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/95002901.asp In the early days of TCP/IP each device on a network had stored on its hard disk a configuration file that an administrator used to manually assign a static IP address. Today a network administrator is no longer required to maintain an IP and MAC address configuration file a server. Every device on a network is automatically assigned a unique IP address by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/95010101.asp Data transmitted over the Internet carries a 32-bit IP address that identifies its destination computer and a 16-bit number that identifies a port on that computer. The combination of the IP address and the port number is called a socket. A pair of sockets, one on the sending computer and one on the receiving computer uniquely identifies a specific connection on the Internet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101201.asp Although the power and sophistication of networking protocols and software is impressive, a network could not operate without physical cable and components. Even a wireless network needs physical components such as access points. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101301.asp The Session layer, layer seven of the OSI model, establishes, synchronizes, maintains and terminates sessions between computers on a network. It establishes a connection ID and authenticates security. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101302.asp At this layer applications communicate on a format for exchanging data. The Session layer provides character set conversion and formats the data. It performs encryption and decryption, compression and decompression. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101303.asp This layer provides the interface between applications and the Network Operating System (NOS). The Application layer provides network services and applications such as HTTP, FTP, TELNET and SMP. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101304.asp The IP protocol uses a 32-bit address to define the network segment address and the node address. If the device is to be connected to the Internet, the address needs to be unique among all other devices connected to the Internet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101305.asp A bridge or router may be referred to as a switch because it uses information in the data packet to choose a path from one network segment to another. A bridge may be referred to as a layer 2 switch because it uses information from layer 2, the Data Link layer of the OSI model. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97020910.asp When networks with different protocols, such as Ethernet and Token Ring need to be connected together, this requires reconstruction of the data packets. To do this, information from above the network layer is required. A gateway is a device that can function at all seven layers of the OSI model. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97022310.asp Today, many different kinds of devices can communicate on a network. A network device might be a computer, a router, a printer, or any number of unusual devices. Every device on a network that uses the Internet protocol (IP) needs a unique IP address. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97052520.asp The Physical layer (OSI layer 1) deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the network hardware. Layer 1 specifications define connectors, pin-outs, signal voltages, and related software. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97061300.asp TCP/IP comes with a set of command line utilities that a network technician can use to manage and troubleshoot a network. PING is used to test the ability of two hosts on a network to communicate. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97062110.asp The Transport layer (OSI layer 4) uses connection-oriented protocols to provide a reliable end-to-end connection between the source computer and the destination computer. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport layer protocol. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97062700.asp The Network layer (OSI layer 3) uses routable protocols to deliver data packets to networks connected through routers. Routing is the process of moving data packets from one network or network segment to another. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97071530.asp The purpose of a network is to permit users share resources located on other computers and to share peripheral devices such as printers. A network operating system (NOS) is specialized systems software designed to provide networking functionality. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97071540.asp The Data Link layer uses MAC addresses is to pass data frames from the Physical layer to the Network layer and vice versa. The use of MAC addresses permits the direction of data within the same network, but not across routers. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97071910.asp A good portion of the knowledge required to be a network technician relates to the TCP/IP protocol suite. This article describes the most important protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Many other less frequently used protocols exist. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97072210.asp No real world network operating systems conform exactly to the OSI model, but it is useful as a reference when describing existing systems. It is difficult to study network devices such as routers, switches, and gateways without using the model. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97091950.asp In this article, I'm going to describe how a network works. I am NOT not going to load you down with details. Instead, I'm just going to describe what happens when you start your client computer. How it gets access to the network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97102330.asp Network protocols define rules for handling data and communicating in a particular networking environment. Individual protocols operate at specific layers in the OSI reference model. A protocol suite is a group of protocols designed to work together. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT