http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards This section contains information about computer networking protocols and standards. en-us Fri, 23 Mar 2012 19:22:07 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/standards.xml http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88090801.asp If you are pursuing CompTIA Network+ certification, of if you're involved in network troubleshooting, it's important to understand the construction of an IP datagram. Fri, 23 Mar 2012 19:22:07 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88092902.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about Layers 5 Through 7 of the OSI networking model. Fri, 02 Mar 2012 19:24:30 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88101304.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about the Transport Layer of the OSI networking model. Thu, 16 Feb 2012 22:46:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88110001.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about the Network Layer of the OSI networking model. Tue, 31 Jan 2012 18:50:40 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88110801.asp In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about the Data Link Layer of the OSI networking model. Mon, 23 Jan 2012 17:14:11 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88111204.asp This video by Kevin Wallace introduces the OSI networking model. Thu, 19 Jan 2012 22:46:23 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/88111801.asp When speaking of the data in a network, people often call everything a packet. A more proper generic term would be protocol data unit or PDU. The specific name for a PDU depends on at what layer the data unit is in the OSI model. Fri, 13 Jan 2012 22:13:54 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/89000902.asp The IEEE 802.11 family of standards which provides for Wireless Ethernet or (Wi-Fi) has evolved over the years. This article explains the differences between 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n and 802.11i. Thu, 22 Dec 2011 20:00:27 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90001101.asp This article discusses some essential technical concepts associated with a VPN. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) integrates remote employees, company offices, and business partners using the Internet and secures encrypted tunnels between locations. Mon, 20 Dec 2010 14:44:40 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90002202.asp This article discusses some of the most implemented Wide Area Networking (WAN) protocols in enterprise networking environments today including HDLC, DSL, SONET, DWDM, and DLSW+. HDLC is a Cisco proprietary protocol for designed for sending data across serial links. Thu, 9 Dec 2010 22:32:27 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90002302.asp Kerberos is an authentication protocol which allows computers communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another. Windows 2000 and later use Kerberos as their default authentication method. Wed, 8 Dec 2010 22:45:17 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90002402.asp The purpose of routing protocols is to learn of available routes on the network and make routing decisions. There are two primary routing protocol types; link state and distance vector. Some of the most common routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS and BGP. Tue, 7 Dec 2010 18:35:21 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90011101.asp This article describes the 80211a, 80211b, 80211g, 80211n, 80216, the current IEEE defined wireless protocol standards in use today, their bandwidth, maximum data rate, and coverage area. Fri, 19 Nov 2010 21:24:48 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/90019101.asp The OSI model was developed years ago as a reference for network protocol and application designers to build their products with an open standard. That would promote a standard for developing network devices, interfaces, applications and services that would work together. It is a model rather than a specification since it defines layers and services for those layers and how each layer works with the layer above and below it. Thu, 11 Nov 2010 17:01:39 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/91112301.asp This is a chart of the layers of the TCP/IP Suite and the major protocols in each layer. As you move your mouse pointer over each protocol acronym, a brief description of the protocol appears. This is not a comprehensive list. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/93102101.asp The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is utilized by NTP Server systems to distribute accurate time information to network time clients. The NTP protocol is widely used throughout the Internet to provide synchronization of computers and processes. This article discusses how NTP server systems utilize the Network Time Protocol to provide networks with an accurate reference of time. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/95002901.asp In the early days of TCP/IP each device on a network had stored on its hard disk a configuration file that an administrator used to manually assign a static IP address. Today a network administrator is no longer required to maintain an IP and MAC address configuration file a server. Every device on a network is automatically assigned a unique IP address by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/95010101.asp Data transmitted over the Internet carries a 32-bit IP address that identifies its destination computer and a 16-bit number that identifies a port on that computer. The combination of the IP address and the port number is called a "socket". A pair of sockets, one on the sending computer and one on the receiving computer uniquely identifies a specific connection on the Internet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101201.asp Although the power and sophistication of networking protocols and software is impressive, a network could not operate without physical cable and components. Even a wireless network needs physical components such as access points. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101301.asp The Session layer, layer seven of the OSI model, establishes, synchronizes, maintains and terminates sessions between computers on a network. It establishes a connection ID and authenticates security. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101302.asp At this layer applications communicate on a format for exchanging data. The Session layer provides character set conversion and formats the data. It performs encryption and decryption, compression and decompression. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101303.asp This layer provides the interface between applications and the Network Operating System (NOS). The Application layer provides network services and applications such as HTTP, FTP, TELNET and SMP. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101304.asp The IP protocol uses a 32-bit address to define the network segment address and the node address. If the device is to be connected to the Internet, the address needs to be unique among all other devices connected to the Internet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/96101305.asp A bridge or router may be referred to as a "switch" because it uses information in the data packet to choose a path from one network segment to another. A bridge may be referred to as a "layer 2 switch" because it uses information from layer 2, the Data Link layer of the OSI model. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97020910.asp When networks with different protocols, such as Ethernet and Token Ring need to be connected together, this requires reconstruction of the data packets. To do this, information from above the network layer is required. A gateway is a device that can function at all seven layers of the OSI model. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97022310.asp Today, many different kinds of devices can communicate on a network. A network device might be a computer, a router, a printer, or any number of unusual devices. Every device on a network that uses the Internet protocol (IP) needs a unique IP address. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97052520.asp The Physical layer (OSI layer 1) deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the network hardware. Layer 1 specifications define connectors, pin-outs, signal voltages, and related software. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97061300.asp TCP/IP comes with a set of command line utilities that a network technician can use to manage and troubleshoot a network. PING is used to test the ability of two hosts on a network to communicate. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97062110.asp The Transport layer (OSI layer 4) uses connection-oriented protocols to provide a reliable end-to-end connection between the source computer and the destination computer. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport layer protocol. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97062700.asp The Network layer (OSI layer 3) uses routable protocols to deliver data packets to networks connected through routers. Routing is the process of moving data packets from one network or network segment to another. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97071530.asp The purpose of a network is to permit users share resources located on other computers and to share peripheral devices such as printers. A network operating system (NOS) is specialized systems software designed to provide networking functionality. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97071540.asp The Data Link layer uses MAC addresses is to pass data frames from the Physical layer to the Network layer and vice versa. The use of MAC addresses permits the direction of data within the same network, but not across routers. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97071910.asp A good portion of the knowledge required to be a network technician relates to the TCP/IP protocol suite. This article describes the most important protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Many other less frequently used protocols exist. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97072210.asp No real world network operating systems conform exactly to the OSI model, but it is useful as a reference when describing existing systems. It is difficult to study network devices such as routers, switches, and gateways without using the model. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97091950.asp In this article, I'm going to describe how a network works. I am NOT not going to load you down with details. Instead, I'm just going to describe what happens when you start your client computer. How it gets access to the network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/standards/97102330.asp Network protocols define rules for handling data and communicating in a particular networking environment. Individual protocols operate at specific layers in the OSI reference model. A protocol suite is a group of protocols designed to work together. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT