http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech This section contains information about computer networking topologies and media. en-us Mon, 02 Apr 2012 19:07:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/nwtech.xml http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/88082802.asp SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) standards were developed to take advantage of low-cost transmission over optical fibers. It defines a hierarchy of data rates, formats and optical signal specifications. Mon, 02 Apr 2012 19:07:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/88091701.asp Bridges are used to divide larger networks into smaller sections. A bridge reads a frame's MAC address, and decides to either forward or filte the frame from crossing the bridge to the other part of the network. Wed, 14 Mar 2012 15:50:30 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/88091902.asp An Ethernet switch is a networking device that is able to interrogate the data within the Ethernet Frames to provide forwarding and filtering and loop avoidance. Mon, 12 Mar 2012 19:23:33 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/89000801.asp A bridge uses a database to send frames across network segments. The database is a list of nodes MAC addresses and their locations on the network. To send a frame between two segments a bridge reads a frame's destination MAC address and decides to either forward or filter. Fri, 23 Dec 2011 19:34:45 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/89001301.asp Fiber media converters are used to convert electrical signal to light signal and vice versa. They are basically used as network extenders to extend the distance from several hundreds of feet to several thousands meters. Sun, 18 Dec 2011 16:01:17 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/90020401.asp Spanning Tree is an algorithm that runs on Layer 2 campus switches for preventing Layer 2 loops and broadcast storms on a network with at least 2 switches or bridges. The algorithm determines what ports at each switch or bridge must be blocked to create a loop free topology. Wed, 27 Oct 2010 20:57:31 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/90020901.asp Wireless access points operate as bridges with no routing defined anywhere on the wireless network segment. VLANs are defined on the wired switches and mapped with specific SSIDs at each access point. The wireless client associates with a specific SSID which in turn will map client with membership in a specific VLAN. Fri, 22 Oct 2010 14:58:03 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/91111201.asp The most common components on a computer network, not counting cables, are "routers", "hubs", and "switches". Many of these modules can be appear similar and there can be significant overlap in roles. This article explains the difference between these important network components. Mon, 19 Jan 2009 15:05:12 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/91111504.asp Every entity on a network, a PC, printer, router, etc., that needs to communicate with other devices must have a NIC if it is to communicate over the network. NIC functionality is now often integrated into the motherboard chipset or implemented with a dedicated Ethernet chip on the motherboard. Fri, 16 Jan 2009 19:08:28 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92011102.asp Bluetooth wireless technology is a specification for a wireless connection that provides links between mobile computers, mobile phones, other portable handheld devices, and connectivity to the Internet. Wed, 19 Nov 2008 15:52:11 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92011201.asp If a home has multiple computers, it makes sense for them to share files and an Internet connection. This two-part article will provide an introduction to the basic hardware and security related considerations involved in wireless networking. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92021604.asp By this point, most of America already has a Broadband Connection to the Internet. But for those that have not yet taken the plunge, a world of benefits awaits you. Broadband can get you surfing up to 50 times faster than a typical 56K modem. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92042502.asp The use of an integrated best practices approach to data center management involves efficient management of resources while still minimizing the costs of all the different interrelated competing factors that require attention. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92050301.asp For someone who needs a quick clarification on the matter, a hub combines all linked computers or workstations into a network, while router links two separate and distinct networks to each other. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92050804.asp Bit error ratio (BER) measurement is the fundamental measurement of the quality of the fiber optic communication system. It measures the system's probability that transmitted bits will be correctly received as logic ones and zeros. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92051003.asp Light can be reflected back and forth. In fiber optic networks, the reflections are harmful to the system. That's where fiber optic isolator comes to play. Optical isolators stop back-reflection. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92051701.asp A fiber optic attenuator, also called an optical attenuator, simulates the loss the would be caused by a long length of fiber. For a fiber optic receiver, too much light can overload it and degrade the bit error ratio. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92052001.asp An optical circulator is an nonreciprocal passive device that directs light sequentially from port to port in only one direction. The operation of a circulator is similar to that of an isolator except its constructions is more complex. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92052401.asp Fiber optic cables are exposed to electrical, mechanical, chemical and environmental elements, so proper installation is critical for the long-term stability and survival of fiber cables. Cable installation must also meet the NEC (National Electric Code) and local building codes. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92052403.asp In fiber optic networks, OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) is an opto-electronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. An OTDR may be used for estimating the fiber's length and overall attenuation, including splice and mated-connector losses. It may also be used to locate faults, such as breaks. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92060403.asp Outdoor fiber cables must endure harsh environment factors so outdoor cables must be strong, weatherproof and UV resistant. Indoor fiber cables should possess NEC required fire and smoke ratings. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92060701.asp Just like copper cables, NEC (National Electrical Code) requires indoor fiber optic cables be marked with their fire and smoking ratings. According to NEC, a building's inside area is divided into three types of sections: plenums, risers and general purpose areas. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92062601.asp Fiber optic couplers are needed for tapping (monitoring the signal quality) or more complex telecommunication systems which require more than simple point-to-point connections, such as ring architectures, bus architectures and star architectures. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92070303.asp Do you want the freedom of a wireless network, or do you want the security and reliability of a wired network? Both networks can provide you with great service and expandability, but each one varies in size, reliability, cost and speed. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92070503.asp Splicing is the practice of joining two fibers together without using connectors. Two types of fiber splices exist: fusion splicing and mechanical splicing. Splicing may be made during installation or repair. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92091303.asp Some FTTx such as FTTN (fiber to the node), FTTC (fiber to the curb) depend on copper wires for final connection to the customers premises which contrasts with FTTP. FTTP can be further categorized into FTTH (fiber to the home), FTTB (fiber to the building), etc. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92091305.asp The basic philosophy of modern LAN wiring is the concept of structured cabling. The entire networking system is broken up into chunks that allow workstation wires to be concentrated. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92091901.asp Fiber optic connectors can be divided into three groups: simplex, duplex and multiple fiber connectors. Simplex connector means only one fiber is terminated in the connector. Duplex connector means two fibers are terminated in the connector. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92100001.asp What is the most time consuming work in building a fiber network? Two works are usually the largest line items in an fiber optic network installation budget: pulling the fiber optic cables and terminating or splicing the cables. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92100002.asp During fiber optic network installation, maintenance, or restoration, it is also often necessary to identify a specific fiber without disrupting live service. This battery powered instrument looks like a long handheld bar and is called fiber identifier or live fiber identifier. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92100003.asp A private network is one which does not connect directly to the internet, but does allow you to connect to other computers that are on the same physical network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/93042101.asp Wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless broadband technology that utilizes radio frequency (RF) to transmit and receive data through the air There are two competing RF technologies in the use of Wireless LAN, the IEEE 802.11 standard and proprietary technologies. Both fall under wireless broadband technology. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/93042102.asp Wireless networking allows computers and peripherals to communicate using radio frequency (RF) transmissions rather than over conventional network cabling. Using wireless Ethernet adaptors, any device capable of being used on a regular computer network can be accessed over a wireless connection. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/93050101.asp The terms "hub", "switch", and "router" are often used interchangeably and - in fact, the devices are quite different. Hubs are used to simply interconnect individual computers. Switches do the same more efficiently. However, routers interconnect different networks (as opposed to individual machines). Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/94002501.asp Whereas the standard network may use twisted-pair cabling, the System Area Network may use separate fiber-optic cabling. System Area Network interface cards are special high speed circuits that provide communications between the servers over the System Area Network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/94100001.asp A wireless LAN (WLAN or WiFi) provides network connectivity by using radio waves rather than cable. Wireless devices can communicate with each other or they can communicate through a wireless access point (WAP) to a wired network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/94100101.asp The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) uses pulses of light and fiber optic cable to send signals with a 100 Mbps throughput over dual counter-rotating rings. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/96091401.asp The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE sets up committees to define industry standards. The IEEE 802 committee sets the standards for networking. The IEEE subcommittee 802.3 sets the standard for Ethernet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/97090740.asp In 1973 Xerox invented Ethernet to solve the problem of transferring data between computers. In the early 1980s Xerox turned over control of the Standard to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE subcommittee 802.3 sets the standard for Ethernet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/97090750.asp In 1984 IBM invented Token Ring. The token ring network may be setup with a physical ring topology, but is usually implemented in a physical star topology. The central device of the token ring is called a Multistation Access Unit. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/97092040.asp The physical arrangement of the cables, computers and components is referred to as the networks topology. There are five basic topologies, bus, star, ring, mesh, and wireless. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT